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1.
J. bras. nefrol ; 43(1): 20-27, Jan.-Mar. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154663

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Emergence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) requires prompt diagnosis and differentiation between acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and proliferative glomerulonephritis. We studied the potential use of commercial urinary biomarkers' tests in the diagnosis of AKI in patients with NS. Methods: A cross sectional estimate of urinary concentrations of KIM-1 and NGAL was performed in 40 patients with NS: 9 with proliferative glomerulopathy, being 4 with AKI and 31 without proliferative glomerulopathy, being 15 with AKI. AKI was defined using the KDIGO criteria. Results: The mean age was 35 ± 16 years. The main diagnoses were focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (10, 25%), membranous glomerulopathy (10, 25%), minimal change disease (7, 18%), lupus nephritis (6, 15%), and proliferative glomerulonephritis (3, 8%). Patients with ATN had higher levels of urinary KIM-1 (P = 0.0157) and NGAL (P = 0.023) than patients without ATN. The urinary concentrations of KIM-1 (P= 0.009) and NGAL (P= 0.002) were higher in patients with AKI than in patients without AKI. Urinary NGAL and KIM-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with ATN without proliferative glomerulonephritis than in patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis (P = 0.003 and P=0.024, respectively). Conclusions: Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) estimates correlated with histological signs of ATN and were able to discriminate patients with AKI even in conditions of NS. Furthermore, urinary levels of NGAL and KIM-1 may be useful in the differential diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis and exudative glomerulonephritis in patients with nephrotic syndrome.


RESUMO Introdução: O surgimento de lesão renal aguda (LRA) em pacientes com síndrome nefrótica (SN) requer diagnóstico imediato e diferenciação entre necrose tubular aguda (NTA) e glomerulonefrite proliferativa. Avaliamos o uso potencial de testes de biomarcadores urinários comerciais no diagnóstico de LRA em pacientes com SN. Métodos: Uma estimativa transversal das concentrações urinárias de KIM-1 e NGAL foi realizada em 40 pacientes com SN: 9 com glomerulopatia proliferativa, sendo 4 com LRA e 31 sem glomerulopatia proliferativa, sendo 15 com LRA. A LRA foi definida usando os critérios da KDIGO. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 35 ± 16 anos. Os principais diagnósticos foram glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal (10, 25%), glomerulopatia membranosa (10, 25%), doença por lesão mínima (7, 18%), nefrite lúpica (6, 15%) e glomerulonefrite proliferativa (3, 8 %). Os pacientes com NTA apresentaram níveis mais elevados de KIM-1 urinário (P = 0,0157) e NGAL (P = 0,023) do que pacientes sem NTA. As concentrações urinárias de KIM-1 (P = 0,009) e NGAL (P = 0,002) foram maiores em pacientes com LRA do que em pacientes sem LRA. Os níveis urinários de NGAL e KIM-1 foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com NTA sem glomerulonefrite proliferativa do que em pacientes com glomerulonefrite proliferativa (P = 0,003 e P = 0,024, respectivamente). Conclusões: As estimativas de lipocalina associada a gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) e molécula de lesão renal 1 (KIM-1) se correlacionaram com sinais histológicos de NTA, e foram capazes de discriminar pacientes com LRA mesmo em condições de SN. Além disso, os níveis urinários de NGAL e KIM-1 podem ser úteis no diagnóstico diferencial de necrose tubular aguda e glomerulonefrite exsudativa em pacientes com síndrome nefrótica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Nephrotic Syndrome/complications , Biomarkers , Cross-Sectional Studies , Lipocalin-2 , Kidney Function Tests
2.
J. bras. nefrol ; 39(4): 376-383, Oct.-Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893801

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: A report on the prevalence of glomerular disease diagnosed via renal biopsy in Salvador, BA, Brazil was published in 1973 and showed a predominance of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, which was frequently associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Objective: In this study, we investigate the potential changes in the distribution of glomerular diseases after a period of important epidemiological transition in Brazil. Methods: Pathology reports of all patients subjected to kidney biopsy from 2003 to 2015 in a referral nephrology service were reviewed. Clinical, laboratorial and pathological diagnoses were collected for analysis. Histological slides of the biopsies performed between 2003 and 2006 were reviewed to examine the accuracy of the estimates based on the pathology reports. Results: Among the biopsies performed during the time period, 1,312 met the inclusion criteria for the study. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis was the most prevalent diagnosis, followed by lupus nephritis. However, a trend toward a decrease in the prevalence of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis was detected (p < 0.05), and an increase in lupus (p < 0.0001) and membranous glomerulonephritis (p < 0.005) was observed. Conclusion: The data presented herein suggest the occurrence of changes in the distribution of nephrological diseases in Salvador, Brazil. The disease that was most prevalent shifted from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis to focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis from 1975 to 2006 and from focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis to lupus nephritis from 2006 to 2015.


Resumo Introdução: um relatório sobre a prevalência de glomerulopatia diagnosticada por biópsia renal em Salvador foi publicado em 1973, demonstrando o predomínio de glomerulonefrite membranoproliferativa, frequentemente associada a esquistossomose hepatoesplênica. Objetivo: no presente estudo, investigamos as possíveis mudanças na distribuição das glomerulopatias após um período de importantes transições epidemiológicas no Brasil. Métodos: foram revisados todos os relatos de pacientes submetidos a biópsia renal de 2003 a 2015 em um serviço de referência em nefrologia. Diagnósticos clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos foram colhidos para análise. Lâminas histológicas das biópsias executadas entre 2003 e 2006 foram revisadas para avaliar a precisão das estimativas baseadas nos laudos anatomopatológicos. Resultados: entre as biópsias realizadas durante o período em questão, 1.312 satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão do estudo. Glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal foi o diagnóstico mais prevalente, seguido de nefrite lúpica. Entretanto, foi detectada tendência de queda na prevalência da glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal (p < 0,05) e de elevação nos casos de lúpus (p < 0,0001) e glomerulonefrite membranosa (p < 0,005). Conclusão: os dados apresentados neste estudo sugerem a ocorrência de mudanças na distribuição das doenças nefrológicas em Salvador. A doença mais prevalente passou de glomerulonefrite membranoproliferativa para glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal de 1975 a 2006 e de glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal para nefrite lúpica de 2006 a 2015.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Kidney Diseases/pathology , Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Kidney Glomerulus , Time Factors , Biopsy , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence
3.
J. bras. nefrol ; 33(4): 467-471, out.-nov.-dez. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-609061

ABSTRACT

Um rapaz de 19 anos, previamente hígido, procurou o hospital com queixas de anorexia, náuseas e vômitos. Exames laboratoriais revelaram hipercalcemia (valor máximo do cálcio de 14,8 mg/dL) e lesão renal aguda (valor máximo da creatinina de 2,88 mg/dL). O paciente admitiu utilizar uma formulação parenteral de vitaminas A, D e E de uso exclusivo veterinário, contendo 20.000.000 UI de vitamina A; 5.000.000 UI de vitamina D3 e 6.800 UI de vitamina E, por ampola de 100 mL. Ele refere ter usado cerca de 300 mL do produto no último ano. O jovem não estava interessado na quantidade maciça de vitaminas contida no produto, mas apenas no efeito local do veículo oleoso; o edema provocado pela injeção simulava um aumento de massa muscular. O produto, no entanto, foi absorvido e causou hipervitaminose. O nível sérico de 25(OH) vitamina D estava claramente elevado em 150 ng/mL (referência de 30 a 60 ng/mL), mas não tanto quanto em outros casos publicados de intoxicação por vitamina D. A maioria dos casos de hipercalcemia por hipervitaminose D se associa a níveis de 25 (OH)D bem maiores do que 200 ng/mL. O PTH estava indetectável, e outras causas de hipercalcemia foram excluídas. Deste modo, conclui-se que a gravidade da hipercalcemia encontrada neste caso foi resultado do efeito sinérgico da intoxicação pelas vitaminas A e D. O paciente foi tratado com soro fisiológico, furosemida e ácido zolendrônico e evoluiu com normalização rápida dos níveis séricos de cálcio e da função renal.


A previously healthy 19 year-old male presented to the hospital with anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory studies were significant for hypercalcemia (peak calcium value of 14.8 mg/dL) and acute kidney injury (peak serum creatinine of 2.88 mg/dL). He admitted to using a parenteral formulation of vitamins A, D and E restricted for veterinary use containing 20,000,000 IU of vitamin A; 5,000,000 IU of vitamin D3; and 6,800 IU of vitamin E per 100 mL vial. The patient stated to have used close to 300 mL of the product over the preceding year. Interestingly, the young man was not interested in the massive amounts of vitamins that the product contained; he was only after the local effects of the oily vehicle. The swelling produced by the injection resulted in a silicone-like effect, which gave the impression of bigger muscles. Nevertheless, the product was absorbed and caused hypervitaminosis. The serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D was clearly elevated at 150 ng/mL (reference range from 30 to 60 ng/mL), but in most published cases of vitamin D toxicity, serum levels have been well above 200 ng/mL. His PTH level was undetectable and other potential causes of hypercalcemia were excluded. Therefore, we posit that the severity of the hypercalcemia observed in this case was the result of a synergistic effect of vitamins A and D. The patient was treated with normal saline, furosemide and zolendronic acid, with rapid normalization of calcium levels and renal function.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced , Hypercalcemia/chemically induced , Parenteral Nutrition Solutions/adverse effects , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Vitamin A/adverse effects , Vitamin D/adverse effects , Vitamin E/adverse effects , Vitamins/adverse effects , Drug Overdose , Veterinary Drugs
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 106(7): 901-904, Nov. 2011. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-606655

ABSTRACT

Distinct patterns of glomerular lesions, including membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, are associated with infection by Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum. Evidence suggests that immune complex deposition is the main mechanism underlying the different forms of schistosomal glomerulonephritis and that immune complex deposition may be intensified by portal hypertension. The relationship between focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and schistosomiasis remains poorly understood. A clinicopathologic classification of schistosomal glomerulopathies was proposed in 1992 by the African Association of Nephrology. In Brazil, mass treatment with oral medications has led to a decrease in the occurrence of schistosomal glomerulopathy. In a survey of renal biopsies performed in Salvador, Brazil, from 2003-2009, only 24 (4 percent) patients were identified as positive for S. mansoni infection. Among these patients, only one had the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was found in seven patients and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was found in four patients. Although retrospective studies on the prevalence of renal diseases based on kidney biopsies may be influenced by many patient selection biases, a change in the distribution of glomerulopathies associated with nephrotic syndrome was observed along with a decline in the occurrence of severe forms of schistosomiasis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/parasitology , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/parasitology , Schistosomiasis japonica/complications , Schistosomiasis mansoni/complications , Biopsy , Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/immunology , Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/pathology , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/immunology , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology , Schistosomiasis japonica/immunology , Schistosomiasis japonica/pathology , Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology , Schistosomiasis mansoni/pathology
5.
J. bras. nefrol ; 32(2): 145-148, abr.-jun. 2010. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-551672

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: São escassos estudos sobre o encaminhamento dos pacientes em estágios mais precoces de nefropatia ao nefrologista. OBJETIVO: Investigar a adequação da referência dos pacientes para o ambulatório da nefrologia (Amb-N), no que diz respeito à pertinência da demanda para a avaliação com o especialista. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, com pacientes do ambulatório de primeira consulta de nefrologia. Após o atendimento habitual, as condutas poderiam ser: matricular no Amb-N para acompanhamento ou não fazê-lo por ausência de necessidade da avaliação/acompanhamento do especialista. Os dados foram relatados como média e desvio-padrão e frequências relativas. RESULTADOS: Dos 150 casos, a média de idade foi de 49 ± 16 anos, com predomínio (56 por cento) do sexo feminino. Apenas 71 pacientes (47,3 por cento) foi admitidos no Amb-N para ao menos uma avaliação anual. Foram matriculados 100 por cento dos pacientes com DRC estágios de 3 a 5, 60 por cento dos diabéticos e/ou hipertensos e 50 por cento daqueles com litíase renal. Cerca de 50 por cento dos pacientes procedentes de unidades do SUS e 70 por cento de médicos privados foram matriculados. Ao todo, em 52,7 por cento (n = 79) dos casos, na interpretação dos pesquisadores, não havia necessidade do nefrologista para o diagnóstico ou para a conduta clínica, bem como para o seguimento naquele momento. CONCLUSÃO: Houve inadequada utilização da qualificação do nefrologista como especialista no atendimento precoce do nefropata. Outros estudos são necessários para avaliar a eficiência dos modelos de referência e contrarreferência operantes em diferentes regiões do país, com o intuito de racionalizar oferta e demanda de atendimento de média complexidade em nefrologia.


INTRODUCTION: There are scarce data in Brazil concerning the referral of the patients with renal diseases to the nephrologist care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to describe the adequacy of early referral of these patients to a nephrology out-patient clinic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a crosssectional study. Data of the first visit of the patient to the nephrologists were collected. The decision of the nephrologist, regarding the admittance of the patient to the followup with the nephrology team was also described. RESULTS: We evaluated 150 patients, with mean age of 49 ± 16 years, and 56 percent of females. The need of a consultation and follow-up with the renal specialist was found in only 71 patients (47.3 percent) and all these patients were enrolled in the nephrology unit out-patient clinic for, at least, one visit a year. All the patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5 were recommended to maintaining visits to the nephrologist, whereas 60 percent of those with diabetes and/or hypertension and 50 percent of those with renal lythiasis were also enrolled in the same program. Approximately 50 percent of patients originated from public health system units and 70 percent of private doctors were adequately referred. CONCLUSION: There was inadequate use of the abilities of the nefrologist as a specialist in the care of the patient with early stages of renal diseases. Other studies are needed to evaluate the efficiency of referral systems to the nephrologists in other areas of Brazil, with the purpose to rationalize supply and demand in the nephrology care.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Kidney Diseases , Nephrology , Referral and Consultation/standards , Cross-Sectional Studies , Kidney Diseases/diagnosis , Kidney Diseases/therapy , Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data
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